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About the Sicav!! On the Andalusian Economy

soon begin the school year at IES Levante and again classes Economy and Business Economics . However, I have received some emails from students who are interested in something that gets a lot lately in the media, and are not anything but the Sicav , the Capital Investment Company variable. And let them talk.

A SICAV (Investment Company with Variable Capital) is a collective investment vehicle (IIC if we use the terminology of the English regulations for investment funds), under English law (there are also European Sicav, Luxembourg and French majority, with the same performance than the English, to be European UCITS). They operate almost like an investment fund, though much less known.

Therefore, we can define as collective investment institutions of a financial nature in the form of limited company whose business is investment in financial assets and instruments.
It also allows channel investments through a flexible instrument that perfectly fits the risk profile of each client.

The SICAV is an ideal instrument to channel private savings in order to obtain the best financial performance and optimize the fiscal impact.
(photo: advertising sales Sicav)

Small differences in relation to an investment fund:

is governed by a General Meeting where they go all shareholders (investors) and a Council Management Act (SA)
- The Sicav automatically expand or reduce capital daily as investors buy or sell new shares they have. All have daily liquidity.
- The Sicav, publicly traded, but not in the continuous market, but in the MAB (Alternative Investment Market). So to buy shares of any Sicav, you need a brokerage account and transfer the order to your broker as if they were shares of Telefónica for example.
The SICAV, as well as the Funds may have different investment philosophy, 100% in fixed income, 100% on the exchange, joint investment, etc ....

Capital minimum to be a Sicav is 2,400,000 Euros and must have a minimum of 100 investors. In these times of insecurity bank, no more safe and secure assets that the Funds and Sicav Investment and Pension Funds, by having their assets protected by the Depository and separated from the balance sheets of banks and savings .

In practice there are two types of investment companies in the market, which are owned by large fortunes of the country, Emilio Botin, Amancio Ortega, Alicia Koplovitz, the Entrecanales, the Del Pino or Andika Isaak has their own Sicav, and therefore not actively traded to any investor, and the Sicav are actively marketed to investors as any country's investment fund. Koala Capital Sicav, is an example of this second type.

As with the funds, the current market crisis has cooled the creation of new Sicav, in fact for the first time in many years are closing more Sicav of which are created. Precisely for this reason, these days, there are several questions that people ask about these societies. For example:

What are the advantages of these investment companies?
exchange for the above requirements, benefit from a tax rate in the tax Companies 1%, compared with 30% of large companies and 25% of SMEs. However, the taxation of the sale of shares and capital gains, is like that of other investments, 18%. And the dividends to be distributed, do not entitle the recipient to deduct.

And why criticize?
For obvious reasons, the Sicav were created to encourage collective investment. However, that nature has become many times in a trap, because a single shareholder provides the majority of capital and the other 99 (or more) are simple "extras" to achieve the required minimum.
This means that in practice, a single fortunate to benefit from favorable taxation.

How much money managed?
the end of 2008, according to the latest data available on the CNMV , portfolio investment in the SICAV stood at 22.483 million euros, compared with 30,684 (poor little rich) a year earlier. The total assets, meanwhile, fell by 20.7% to 24.942 million euros.

Can anyone have a Sicav?
Theoretically yes, provided that the minimum required to invest in each company as marking the statutes. This minimum is usually greater than 3000 euros.

" Those with Sicav?
Well, apparently, very rich and famous such as Amancio Ortega, the Koplowitz, the Del Pino family or Entrecanales etc.
And lately, came out in the media a list that was composed by: Alicia Koplowitz, Juan Abello, Manuel Jove, José Lladró, Pedro Almodovar, Ram Bahvnani, Ramón Martínez, Luis Batalla, Luis Muñoz Deuve, Perfecto Palacio de la Fuente, the Fernandez Somoza, the Hernandez Barrera, the Serratosa Caturla, the Suñer ... Well, have lost 106.9 million euros Madoff in the scam.

I hope that from now you may have some idea of \u200b\u200bwhat these last few weeks, at home, and on the street and the media are talking about. Perhaps because it has opened a debate where some think it would be good to increase the deductions in these societies and others, do not consider it wise, for the possible flight of capital.

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Building Topic XII of the Course of Economy of 1 High School, which these days explaining to my students of the IES Release of Algeciras, I will discuss the last topic of this subject and entitled "Andaluza Economy." In this post, let's do a short tour with no other interest than to clarify a number of concepts which by their Currently they can supplement the texts we studied and discussed in the classroom.


Andalusia is the most populated autonomous community of Spain (8,202,220 inhabitants in 2008) and the second largest, which together with its history and culture gives it a unique and decisive weight the whole of Spain. As for economics, is the third largest economy Spain in size of its Gross Domestic Product . The wealth it produces and keeps people employed, the tertiary sector is the most important. Tourism is of great concern to the community, the first of Spain income from this source. Within the primary sector there is a predominance of regional agricultural sub-sector as the industry is located mainly in the west, the coastline and major population centers

SECTORS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY.

understand by conducting a work activity for which you receive money in return. The jobs that people can develop categorized them into groups called sectors or sectors of production.

There are three sectors:

1.-The Primary Sector
2.-The
3.-Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector

1. THE PRIMARY SECTOR :

is composed of workers who obtain raw materials directly from nature. The raw material is anything that serves to transform themselves or to sell as it gets. Workers in this sector are farmers, ranchers, fishermen and miners.
of every 100 workers in Andalusia, about 24 workers in this sector, so it is very important for the regional economy.

a) Agriculture:

Agriculture is an activity in plant products obtained by cultivating the land. Andalusia is the first agricultural region of Spain thanks to its favorable climate because their land is very fertile, ie produce good plants.
Plants need water to grow, hence there are two types of crops, as will be sufficient to rain water or well watered need:
rainfed crops do not need artificial irrigation but are satisfied with the rainwater. They are the most predominate in the interior plains , where olive growing vines and cereals such as wheat and barley are also grown sunflowers and fruit trees such as almonds.
irrigated crops need to be watered artificially. Extend the vegas of major rivers and the coast of Almería, Granada and east of Malaga. The major irrigated crops are rice, sugar beet, cotton, fruit and vegetables, like peppers and tomatoes. Thanks to the greenhouses on the coast of Almeria, Granada and Malaga can get several harvests per year.

b) Livestock:

Ranching is the raising, feeding and caring for animals, like cows, goats, sheep, pigs and horses, for animal products like meat and milk . It has economic importance of agriculture in Andalusia. The cattle are concentrated in areas unsuitable for cultivation, such as mountain areas.
Sheep (sheep) is the most important of them all. It grows in the provinces of Cordoba and Granada.
The pigs (pigs) is especially in the oak forests of Sierra Morena .
Cattle (cows and bulls) are raised in the Valle del Guadalquivir .
equines (horses) has copies of fame in the province of Cadiz.
The goats (goats) occurs throughout the region.

c) Fishing:

Fishing is to obtain large quantities of fish for human consumption. Our Community is the second region Fisheries of Spain for its extensive coastline and its good ports and fishing grounds nearby. A fishery is a place in the sea where fish abound consume.
There are two types of fishing, as carried away or near the coast.
The fishing is done far from our shores, especially on the coast of Africa. It is caught tuna, hake and squid. In the fishing boats are several days at sea.
Inshore fishing is practiced by all the Andalusian coast, caught anchovies, sardines and shellfish. In the inshore fishing boats often return to port each day.
The main fishing ports are in Huelva and Cádiz in the Atlantic and Algeciras, Málaga and Almería in the Mediterranean.

d) Mining:

mining is to obtain stones of any mineral that serves to transform it into metal. The minerals are obtained from mines that are outside or inside of the earth. These minerals are torn handled by the miners working in mines. Andalusia has important mineral deposits in the Cordillera Penibética and Sierra Morena. Highlights
coal mines Peñarroya (Córdoba) the lead of La Carolina (Jaén) and copper at Rio Tinto (Huelva).


2. SECONDARY SECTOR :

also called Industrial Sector. Factories and industries are the places where some products are transformed into other people need. In this sector work transforming people about other products, as in construction or in the car factories. Andalusia is little industrial as only 21 out of 100 Andalusian workers working in this sector.
The main industrial areas are concentrated on the Andalusian coast and Valle del Guadalquivir, although most are not exploited today. Andalusia food processing industries, which are transforming agricultural products in ready to eat. There are oil industries, wine, meat products, canned fish and sugar industry. There is also
metal industries, chemicals, textiles, construction and paper.

3. TERTIARY SECTOR :

sometimes called service sector. It employs people who provide a service or helping others, not obtain or process products such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, waiters, taxi drivers, traders, ... In this sector, which is the most important in Andalusia, work for 54 100 workers from Andalusia.
There are many activities that belong to this sector. Then we will expose those with more workers in Spain.

a) Tourism is the most important activity in this sector and is responsible for providing the services needed by people visiting a place: hotel accommodation, visits to monuments and museums, organization of activities free time, meals in restaurants.
There are two types of tourism it receives Andalusia
The sun and beach tourism, which occurs throughout the coast.
cultural tourism, which is mainly in the provincial capital visit monuments, museums and places of interest.
In recent years also is promoting sports tourism, rural tourism, etc..

b) trading is the buying and selling products. It is very important in this sector. The main types of trade are small, specialized shops
: butchers, shoe ...
stores: supermarkets, hypermarkets, etc. ... You are in big towns.
Stores: who supply products to stores or large areas.
Weekly markets in almost all areas of Andalusia.

c) Transportation is the economic activity that involves moving people or goods from one place to another. Is done in three ways or paths:
road. By buses, trucks and cars across roads or highways. Or by using the railroad trains.
Seaway. By cargo or passenger ships. Andalusia major seaports, such as Algeciras and Malaga among others, and the Sevilla which is the only river port Spain.
Air. By aircraft. It is used especially to transport people long distances in short time.

FEATURES TO CONSIDER.

 The pillars that remains are the construction, trade, transport, tourism and government.
 The core industrial activities are the main problems relate to the small industry in value added (difference between value of goods produced and the cost of raw materials and other intermediate goods used to produce them) regional .
 A significant external dependence and the economy Andalusian meet their needs through imports.
Since 1993 the regional economy began a sustained growth due mainly to the convergence process of Spain and Europe.

GROWTH MODEL Andalusia.

Andalusia occupies the penultimate position in the ranking according to GDP per capita and its growth over recent years can not be described as moderate.
The regional economy is characterized by its high sensitivity to economic cycles that affect it. This is mainly due to:
• The existence of deep structural weaknesses that limit the degree of response of the Andalusian Economy and the inability of economic mechanisms in the region to make their own adjustments.
• The dependency of financial resources.
The analysis of the existing infrastructure of the regional economy resulting in a favorable position in regard to economic infrastructure. Andalusia
also appears in a turn-key, despite being the penultimate Autonomous Region in income per capita in the country, with regard to scientific and technological potential, ie with regard to universities and government-dependent. However, when analyzing the level of skills of the workforce Andalusia is centered in the fourth group training with Extremadura, Castilla la Mancha, the Canary Islands and Galicia (Pontevedra excluded)

PROBLEMS In Andalusia

In Andalusia XXI in Europe will be more integrated than ever, but return must adapt strongly to new conditions of global competition for the best use of your best resources: the emerging new agriculture and tourism.
The primary problem that we encounter is the labor market situation, ie the unemployment rate in Andalusia (approx. 24%). The intensity of it is a consequence of the accumulation three main circumstances:
 Raising the rates, largely due to demographic factors (the incorporation of youth into the labor market, increased female participation rate.)
 The concentration of demand work in major cities in contrast to the decline in geographic mobility.
 Changing the industrial relations framework which makes the renewal of templates and the accessibility to the labor market.
should be clear that the labor reforms introduced since 1933 had an immediate positive effect on the number of hires, but the problem persisted and that these contracts were not indefinite. Increased hiring temporary and part-time while full-time is reduced.
This problem of such dimensions requires a national solution, but this does not mean that Andalucia has to take a passive position, on the contrary, has to participate actively in the design of national policy and, especially, should start their own strategies (especially for farming to combat unemployment).

AGRICULTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT: In Andalusia employment problems is to make a special appeal to rural unemployment. Andalusia and Extremadura are the only English regions where it is very important to this major problem. These deficiencies can be linked to employment:
• The intermediation of institutional mechanisms (INEM) as entry to the labor market, often avoided in rural areas because of the abundance of irregular activities and the extent of what known as culture of multiple sources of income and occupation is seasonal in different activities over the years.
• The job, which is particularly low in rural areas and access to employment normally involves migration. The cost of this presents and the existence of alternative ways of survival (ie, the rural employment scheme: PER) justify the length of time unemployed.

PER The rural employment scheme satisfies the minimum conditions of subsistence to the unemployed rural population. Provides solutions to the problem but viewed from a purely economic perspective, the PER is a tool monger stay unemployed. The fact that this plan would lead to migration so that their removal would have undesirable consequences from the point of view.

REFLECTIONS ON A POLICY OF EMPLOYMENT IN.

The main objectives would be very easy to deduce, to end the inability to create jobs correct patterns of inequality, reducing the relationship between the production system and the environment ending the exploitation of natural resources, promote industrial development in Andalusia final. ANDALUSIA

TO THE GLOBALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY.

Andalusia has not been immune to the process of globalization of world economy. This process has resulted in the implementation of common business strategies in different markets and increased standardization of products.
Global competition is related to the phenomenon of internalization of the company, This has been driven primarily by the level of activity in the area of \u200b\u200bcapital movements unknown prior to the last decade.
The above process of globalization has set up a global competition in which competitive advantage rests increasingly on factors such as quality and product differentiation, technological level and production attributes of productive factors. Besides the phenomenon of internationalization of enterprises, trade expansion and increased capital mobility, the improving economy is encouraged by the formation of large economic regions based on customs union treaty and trade, free trade zones, etc.. ANDALUCIA

TO THE RECOVERY OF THE ECONOMY.

stops should be noted that migration and displacement of population to large cities, the primary sector's contribution to the formation of regional GDP is around 10% of the total pressure on the young labor market is reduced. However, certain features of the Andalusian economic structure remain the expulsion of the active population in agriculture, natural constraints to the maintenance of certain activities, or the increase in female participation rates and unemployment.

the regional economy BEFORE A NEW MILLENNIUM.

Andalusia has gone from being a backward region to become a region with a modern and productive economic system similar to the Western world's most advanced. The remarkable economic growth has been due in part to the increase experienced by the scale of production due to the sharp increase in capital, labor, and especially productivity per worker.
growth has also been stimulated by improvements in efficiency, the new process of computerization, telecommunications development, etc. All this has caused a shift in aggregate supply curve to the right and increase the productive potential of the regional economy.
Looking ahead, the regional economy has the following features:
• The competitiveness is to be considered deeply as the regional economy can not promote their development if there are no imports, outflows of goods and rivalries.
• The socio-economic situation poses a difficult problem in regard to water resources due to the high consumption of them and their existence.
· We must reemphasize the problem of rural areas and their strike and should have special consideration.
• The technological factor strongly influences the future in the regional economy and provides the opportunity to communicate in real time to new initiatives.

EXPECTATIONS TO THE CRISIS

Projections for 2009 are quite pessimistic. The regional economy has entered recession, registering two consecutive quarterly declines in regional GDP due to the fall in household consumption and strong investment decline. Projections for 2009 are not very hopeful and paint a scenario even more negative. And, according to estimates by Economic Analyst Andalusia, Unicaja research firm, the regional economy could fall by 3%, in line with the English economy. Earlier this year, the panel expected a decline of 1.3 percent, but the "worsening economic outlook" is forced to make a downward revision of growth prospects towards the end of año.Así things, analysts expected in late 2009, Ontario has 1.1 million unemployed, representing an unemployment rate of 27 percent of its population, a figure which amounts to nearly 10 points to the English average. Job losses occurred mainly in the provinces of Granada, Malaga and Almeria, due to falling construction sector, while unemployment has risen Almeria and Malaga, with percentages close to 25 percent.
in 2009 will continue this trend, warning Unicaja, which states that the provinces that will be most affected by job losses will Almería, Huelva and Granada.La construction is the sector that will suffer the biggest decline, down close to 9, 5%. At this point, the coordinator of the report, Felicia Becerra, said the regional economy last year lost about 167,000 jobs, of which over 140,000 were for construction.
On the other hand, increased public works could not offset the sharp drop in the residential sector, reducing the housing starts by about half, while the number of buildings under construction is at levels similar to 1999. Real estate activity has also fallen "dramatically" and expectations for this year are even more negative, as anticipated endorsed housing.
also expected a decline in building starts around 25%, although given the stock of unsold homes, any forecast must be taken with caution, says that document.
But not only has lowered the construction sector, but others have been affected, such as industry (-6%), agriculture (-2.6%) and services (-1.3%). With regard to the latter sector, the report notes that is expected to continue the path negative activity in the tourism and transport, as evidenced by the forecasts for 2009 hotel demand (-5.3%) or air passenger traffic (-12.6%).
Analysts also noted that the growth of consumer prices continued the downward trend started in mid-2007 due to moderation in the increase in food prices and declining prices of motor fuels. Under such conditions, the Economic Analyst CEO, Francisco Villalba, stressed the need to raise an "urgent reform agenda" for "design the future that we want to " with labor market measures, the Toledo Pact, education system and commitment to research and development, among others. CONCLUSIONS



The growth pattern of the regional economy, in past years has rested on a major consumer, construction and tourism. The technological and innovative is a challenge to develop the entire production.

Looking ahead, the pattern of growth should be balanced and reoriented toward exports and investment in equipment. The stimulus of competition, increased productivity and encourage investment in new technologies should be the mainstays of economic growth.

However, the extent of worldwide recession will adversely impact the regional economy, as there are uncertainties regarding the high growth of exports from the region occurred in 2008 remain in 2009. However, there are important support elements that could help reduce the expected decline in economic activity. These brackets are the reduction in energy prices, lower interest rates or tax programs and aid the financial system implemented by the central government and the Andalusian.

The economic crisis will be especially pronounced during the middle quarters of this year, ie April to September. If the forecasts are true, things will improve as 2010 progresses.

As the work developed by BBVA Research Department, Andalusian greater exposure correction in the housing sector, the worst labor market trends and contraction of household consumption are behind the adjustment of the economy of Andalusia is higher than that of other English regions.

This report finds that job destruction in the community (4.9%) is almost a point above the to be in Spain in 2009 (4%). In this regard, the Research Service report indicates that Andalusia BBVA should be reoriented towards new technologies and continue to invest in human capital as a way to advance productivity.

For individuals, as we are living it, are difficult and would have to apply a phrase from Seneca (Cordoba, 4 BC - Rome, 65), when he said .. " Buy only what is necessary, not appropriate. unnecessary, even if it costs a penny, it is expensive . " Because the economy for him, was very clear when also said ... "the economy is the science of removing the cost superfluous. "



Sources:
Ministry of Economy and Finance (Junta de Andalucia)
BBVA
economic analysts Andalucia (Unicaja)
econoaula.com
ElEconomista.es

Economics 1 º Bachillerato (ALGA) Wikipedia.org

Flat Warts Verruca Plana

About the Globalization of the Economy

2 nd year of ICT in the classroom, learners of 1 Bachelor of Economics IES Release of Algeciras. Finalization delivery on 31 reviews May 2009.


To begin to talk about the subject 10 Economy of 1 high school, begin by making a small introduction and then, after defining it, breaking it down to go up to reflect the advantages and disadvantages of Globalization of the Economy.

When Christopher Columbus meets America in search of India, in Europe the development of capitalism had led their countries to unwrap under the domination of capital, some were more developed than others, specifically Spain and Portugal were those who left in search of a new route from the Atlantic and found that they were not the most developed and see that despite finding significant resources across the world, their economies did not go ahead as other countries in the region.

international trade reasons

There are varying degrees of openness of a country to international trade. The narrower, absolute autarky, would refuse any import a small degree of openness would allow imports of products which could not be manufactured within the country would be finally complete freedom of trade, one would expect that only are imported products could be manufactured locally at a cost too high. But what observe in the real world is more advanced, more often as products that could be easily made by the importing country (cookies, shirts) but it is more advantageous to buy abroad.

One of the advantages of international trade is due to economies of scale: to increase the quantity produced to satisfy a wider market, average costs decline. Then there are the advantages of specialization: when an individual is specialized in performing a particular job, acquire more skill and expertise in it that made it so possible, that argument is valid for an individual worker, is also valid for a company and a country.
But why a country specializes in a particular product? The answer seems obvious: each country will specialize in products that can produce advantage over other countries. And what does produce profitably? Adam Smith responded to these questions by stating that countries will specialize in producing those goods for which they have an absolute advantage, ie capable of producing the same number of goods using less labor. His disciple David Ricardo went a step further, showed that all countries can benefit each specializing in the production of goods even though they have absolute advantage in them enough that they have comparative advantage, ie they are able to produce at a lower price.
Hence his famous principle of the free trading system .. "In a system of completely free trade, each country naturally invest their capital and labor more profitable jobs. This pursuit of individual advantage is admirably connected with the universal welfare. Distribute the work in the most effective and economic way to stimulate industry, to reward the talent and make more effective use of unique skills with which nature has endowed him, to increase the general mass production, spreading the benefit of all nations joining them with the same loop of common interest and exchange. It is this principle which determines that wine produced in France and Portugal, where cereals are grown in America and Poland, and England produces hardware and other items. " (David Ricardo, Principles of Policy and Taxation Eq , 1817)

Therefore, if one of the countries set up trade barriers that impede trade both countries would suffer. English pressure groups may request the establishment of such barriers in defense of the domestic industry of shoes. Similar groups in France would demand protection of their coats industry. These trends unfortunately are often protectionist social well received. But supporters of protectionism citizens do not realize that the protection of inefficient industries is done at the expense of more efficient industries will be affected. In our example, the protection of the English shoe industry hurt the English industry of coats. In general, all citizens of the country would be harmed by the establishment of trade barriers since the availability of products would be lower.

IMF system
After the Second World War in July 1944, delegates from forty-four countries met in Bretton Woods, United States, to establish a monetary system to put order in the foreign exchange markets and promote international trade. One of the resolutions adopted at that meeting was the creation of the International Monetary Fund, whose purpose is the establishment of a multilateral system of payments to provide stability in exchange rates.
From there arose a system of fixed exchange rates but adjustable in the dollar played a central role. United States fixed the price of gold in dollars and pledged to buy and sell gold to be supplied or demanded at that price. Other currencies fixed their exchange rates against the dollar. The central banks of countries adhering to the system is committed to intervene in currency markets to keep the exchange rate of its currency.
If imports are higher than exports, the country will be demanding more than the amount of foreign currency which foreigners are demanding. Such behavior in the currency markets pushes the depreciation of the currency. In these situations the central bank should intervene to prevent the fluctuation in exchange rates, selling foreign currency reserves in exchange for its currency. But that solution was valid only in the short term as foreign reserves are limited. If the causes of the excess of imports over exports remained the long term, the country must devalue the official exchange rate of its currency. Note the different use of the words depreciation-pressure exerted by market forces, and devaluation-policy decision by the authorities.
In the event that exports exceed imports, the volume of the country's reserves to increase. If this flow was excessive the authorities could revalue the currency. But as is generally considered that trade surpluses indicate an efficient economic policy and lead to higher living standards, governments were reluctant to take that decision.
IMF system (photo IMF President Dominique Strauss-Kahn) had many drawbacks. Where there were doubts about the stability of a currency and created expectations of a possible devaluation (or revaluation), the supply (or demand) of such currency in the currency markets pressed so hard that the adjustment required, to confirm expectations , speculators obtained large profits by what they were encouraging international capital movements were abrupt and destabilizing.
growth International trade required a large liquidity that could not continue to rely on monetary policy in the United States. In 1971 it suspended the dollar's convertibility into gold as the metal has ceased to have any legal relationship with the financial systems. For a couple of years the international system continued to have the dollar as the standard, until in 1973 he decided to let the currency float freely on currency markets.

The formation of the European Union

The origins of the European Union can be traced to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951.
Then in 1957 he created the European Economic Community (CEE. Formed initially by six countries-Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, the EEC was expanding the number of its members.
With the Act of Accession of Spain to the European Communities, a treaty that Spain joined the European Economic Community, now the European Union, which was signed on June 12, 1985 in the Hall of Columns at the Palacio Real de Madrid to enter force on January 1, 1986. This merger was made at the same time as that of Portugal. After the accession, there was in Spain period of economic prosperity, in which for five consecutive years achieved the highest growth rate throughout the Community. This was the most comprehensive and systematic process of liberalization, openness and rationalization of the English economy after the National Economic Stabilization Plan in 1959. In addition to economic progress involved the departure of international isolation suffered from the Potsdam Declaration of August 1945 and the stabilization of the newly established democracy.

The European Union's 27

Once the Single European Act, signed in February 1986 entered into force in July 1987, this mission was to revitalize the building of Europe, setting the consolidation of the market in 1993 and also allowing the free movement of capital and services. By this treaty, the Community's powers are extended to the domains of research and technological development, environment and social policy. The Single Act also establishes the existence of the European Council, which brings together heads of state and government and promotes a common initiative in foreign policy (European Political Cooperation) as well as cooperation in security matters.
The Maastricht Treaty signed in February 1992, entered into force in 1993 under this agreement, the European Union continues the common market and EEC, European Community transformed into marks a new stage in the process of union. The treaty establishing the European citizenship and allowed to move and reside freely in the community, and the right to vote and be elected in a home state for European and municipal elections. It decided to create a single European currency, the Euro, which will enter into circulation in 2002 under the control of the European Central Bank.
The euro is the official currency of sixteen countries of the European Union (EU) (Germany, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Finland, France (St. Pierre and Miquelon and Mayotte), Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Portugal), and 3 European microstates which have currency agreements with the EU (Monaco, San Marino and the City Vatican), it is also used in Andorra, Montenegro and Kosovo
The name "euro" was chosen by the Heads of State or Government European European Council meeting held in Madrid in December 1995.
In 1999 comes into force the Treaty of Amsterdam which states the principles of freedom, democracy and respect for human rights, explicitly including the principle of continuous development. Two years later he signed the Treaty of Nice, which would come into force in 2003. Meanwhile, in 2002, extinguished the ECSC, established for 50 years, and its scope is enclosed in the European Community. Organs and Institutions

are five institutions each with a specific function:
European Parliament (EP) is the parliamentary assembly, elected by direct universal suffrage by the citizens of the Union.
Council of the European Union (CEU), formerly the Council of Ministers is the principal legislative and decision making in the EU. Representing the governments of the Member States.
European Commission (EC), political institution body representing and defending the interests of the Union as a whole, proposes legislation, policies and programs of action and is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the CUE. Is the body with executive power, and initiative.
Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) ensures compliance with EU law, since it is subject judiciaries of the Member States.
Court of Auditors (ECA), performs the control of legality and regularity of the management of the EU budget.
EU also has six main organs: the European Central Bank, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee de las Regiones, el Banco Europeo de Inversiones, la Defensoría del Pueblo Europeo y la Europol.

Trascurrido más de medio siglo desde que se produjo la Declaración Schuman, la UE enfrenta retos como el controvertido proceso de adhesión de Turquía, la ampliación en los Balcanes y la ratificación del Tratado europeo de Lisboa que se espera entre en vigor en 2009 y que introducirá modificaciones en los tratados vigentes.

La Unión Europea está compuesta de 27 países soberanos independientes que se conocen como los Estados miembros: Alemania, Austria, Bélgica, Bulgaria, Chipre, la República Checa, Dinamarca, Estonia, Finlandia, Francia, Grecia, Hungría, Irlanda, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK
There are three official candidate countries, Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Turkey. The Western Balkan countries, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia are officially recognized as potential candidates. Kosovo is also regarded by the European Commission as a potential candidate, but this institution is not listed as an independent country, because not all Member States recognize it as a separate country of Serbia.
To join the EU, a country must meet the criteria Copenhagen, defined in 1993 by the European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law, a viable market economy able to compete within the EU and accepting the obligations of membership, including EU legislation. The assessment of compliance with the criteria of a country is the responsibility of the European Council. The current framework does not specify how a country can leave the Union (although Greenland, a territory of Denmark, retired in 1985), but the draft Lisbon Treaty contains a formal procedure for withdrawal.
Four Western European countries have opted not to join the EU are committed in part to the EU economy and its regulations: Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are a part of the common market through the European Economic Area and Switzerland has similar ties through treaty relations bilaterales.Las between the EU and microstates like Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City include the use of the euro and other cooperation.

Globalization, advantages and disadvantages

According to International Monetary Fund (IMF) "Globalization is a growing economic interdependence of all countries, caused by the increased volume and variety of transactions in goods and services, as well as international capital flows, while the widespread diffusion of technology accelerated .

The international success of the free trade system is generating a critical reaction agglutinates as anti-globalization movement . Critics of globalization believe that although this phenomenon is proving favorable for economic prosperity is definitely contrary to the objectives of social equity. The protest is manifested in fighting international agencies, IMF , WTO and others, is in fact a reaction against the excessive triumphalism economic liberalism should be taken into account. The voice of NGOs and other participants in the anti-globalization movement is having an echo within these international organizations are showing increasing awareness of the need to address global social problems both with the same interest financiers.

To assess the advantages and disadvantages of globalization is necessary to distinguish between the various forms it takes. Some forms may lead to positive results and others negative. The phenomenon of globalization includes the international free trade, the movement of capital in the short term, foreign investment direct the migration, the development of communication technologies and their cultural impact.

Some advantages and disadvantages are:

Advantages: economy and global market, which can lead to better utilization of resources. Universal access to culture and scientific-technical ciencia.Mayor. More room to maneuver against fluctuations in national economies. Ternacional.Sistema global cooperation to protect human rights. Open markets. Development of mass communication and transportation, especially the Internet. Growth and mergers between companies. Públicas.Desregulación privatization international financial system.

Disadvantages: Lack of control over markets and companies multinacionales.Aumento economic imbalances, social and territorial. Concentration of wealth and increased social inequality. Failure to meet minimum labor standards (precarious). Damage to the environment. Threat to biological and cultural diversity. Increased risk of disease transmission and spread of Economics infecciosas.Predominio financial-speculative on the real economy.

In general, as argued in previous sections of this issue, international trade is positive for all economic progress and social goals of eradicating poverty and social exclusion. However, trade liberalization, but beneficial to the whole of the country concerned, it causes seizures in some sectors that require state intervention. If you want the progress of globalization are Pareto improvements, ie, without diminishing the welfare of anyone, is it necessary for governments and international agencies redistributing the benefits and compensating the losers.

Still, there is a phrase that is effective ...." I'm absolutely convinced that no wealth in the world can help humanity progress. The world needs permanent peace and lasting goodwill. "
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) German Scientific American citizen.